Functional Structure Of Skeletal Muscle

Functional Structure Of Skeletal Muscle Muscle makes up the largest group of tissues within the body, roughly half the bodys weight (Sherwood). Skeletal muscle is attached to the bones of the skeleton and through its highly developed ability contract, produces movement at joints. A controlled contraction of the muscle enables purposeful movements of the body and manipulation of objects (Sherwood). First it is important to understand the structure of the muscle and how it functions. We will then discuss the factors that control normal growth and repair in the muscle, and lastly explore how muscle atrophy results from not using a muscle. Basic structure A skeletal muscle is made up of muscle and connective tissues, which both play a role in the contracting and function of the muscle. A single cell of a skeletal muscle is called a muscle fiber, the muscle is made up of groups /bundles of these muscle fibers bound together by fibrous connective tissue, and each bundle is called a fasciculus (muscles nerves movement). Another layer of connective tissue binds the fascicule together and the whole muscle is surrounded by an outer layer of connective tissue. (M Muscle fibers Muscle fibers are long and cylindrical in shape, usually extending the whole length of a muscle. They contain multiple nuclei, which come from the fusion of smaller cells during development and formation (ezeilo and Sherwood). These nuclei lie beneath a cell membrane called the sacrolemma (ezeilo). The cytoplasm, which is known as sarcoplasm, is filled with numerous bundles of contractile proteins called myofibrils. The myofibrils contain many mitochondria, energy generating cells (ezeilo and Sherwood). Each myofibril consists of two types of myofilaments namely, the thick filaments (containing the protein myosin) and the thin filaments (containing predominantly the protein actin, but also tropinin and tropomyosin). Summary of the levels of organization in a skeletal muscle (Sherwood) Whole muscle muscle fiber myofibril thick and thin filaments myosin and actin A and I bands When viewed under a light microscope, a myofibril shows dark (the A bands) and light (the I bands) bands alternating along its length. All the bands lie parallel to each other and together lead to the muscle fibers striated appearance (ezeilo Sherwood). The thick and thin filaments are stacked in an alternating pattern which slightly overlaps each other, and this arrangement is responsible for the A and I bands (Sherwood). An A band is made up of thick filaments and the sections of thin filament that overlap on both ends of the thick filaments. The thick filaments cover the width of the A band and are only found there. There is a lighter section in the centre of the A band, where there are no thin filaments, which is called the H zone. The middle portions of the thick filaments are found in this area and a network of supporting proteins holds the thick filaments together vertically. The supporting proteins are form the M line which is found in the centre of the A band within the middle of the H zone (Sherwood). An I band consists of the section of thin filament that does not enter the A band, this means that an I band contains only thin filaments, but not the whole length of the filament (Sherwood). The Z line is the dense vertical section thats located in the centre of each I band. The portion in between two Z lines is called the sarcomere. A sarcomere is the functional unit of the muscle. A functional unit of any organ is the smallest component that can perform all the functions of that organ (Sherwood). Thus the sarcomere is the muscle fibers smallest component that can perform a contraction. The Z line forms the connection between the thin filaments of two adjacent sarcomeres. A sarcomere is made up of the entire A band and the end portion of the I band on both ends. Diagram A myofibril divided into two sarcomeres (sport-fitness-advisor.com) Cross bridges The cross bridges are the section where the thick and thin filaments overlap. The thick filaments are surrounded by the thin filaments in a hexagonal pattern. In all six direction, the cross bridges extend from the thick filaments to the surrounding thin filaments. In addition, each thin filament then has 3 thick filaments around it. The cross bridges are significant in that the binding of the actin of the thin filaments and myosin of the thick filaments happens at the cross bridges, which produces a contraction of the muscle fiber (Sherwood). Muscle contraction and cross bridges Actin and myosin are sometimes referred to as contractile proteins but neither of them actually contract during a muscle contraction. In a relaxed fiber, muscle contraction cannot take place because of the position of the proteins, tropomyosin and tropinin of the thin filament (Sherwood). Tropomysosin and tropinin are called regulatory proteins because they both play a role in stopping contraction from occurring or allowing contraction to take place by exposing the actin binding sites (Sherwood). Tropomyosin covers the sctin binding sites on the cross bridges thus blocking the interaction between myosin and actin which results in muscle contraction. Tropin is made up of 3 polypeptide units which bind to tropomyosin, actin and calcium. When troponin is not bound calcium, it stabilizes tropomyosin in the blocking of the actin sites on the cross bridges. When it is bound with calcium, the shape of the protein changes allowing tropomyosin to slide away, exposing the binding sites, and myosin and actin can bind at the cross bridges, resulting in a muscle contraction (Sherwood). Below is a diagram illustrating the position of the cross bridges, in a relaxed muscle and a contracted muscle. +, power stroke, action potential- calcium link between excitation and contraction Diagram 2: The sliding action of the cross bridges of a relaxed and contracted muscle respectively (www. teachpe.com) Adaptation of muscles to functional use One of the factors that determines the performance of a muscle is the type of muscle fibers within the muscle (N Slow fibers are known as type I fibers. These fibers are specialized in order to sustain a contraction over a longer period of time (MNM). Within these fibers there is an extensive capillary network, which allows it to be oxygen rich. The slow fibers contain myoglobin which carries oxygen, and the fiber is thus red in colour. Energy for contraction is obtained mainly from oxidative reactions. These fibers make use of a slow twitch in response to stimulation and are thus resistant to fatigue. The slow fibers contain numerous mitochrondria which, because of the rich oxygen and blood supplies, can contribute more ATP during contraction. (MARTINI chp10). Fast fibers are known as type II fibers. These fibers contain no myoglobin and are white in colour (MNM). These fibers are larger in diameter than the slow fibers and contain densely packed myofibrils, significant glycogen supplies and fewer mitochondria than slow fibers. The fast fibers use glycogen to obtain energy for contraction. They make use of a fast twitch and produce a powerful contraction; however they fatigue rapidly (MARTINI chp10). The fast fibers use large amounts of ATP during contraction and thus extended activity is supplemented by anaerobic metabolism. Skeletal muscle is able to adapt its structure depending on the functional demands required over time (MNM). The quantity of sarcomeres within the myofibrils and the proportions of fast and slow fibers can adapt and change over a period of time. Depending on what is required of a muscle over a period of time, the fibers can adapt. In training for endurance, some of the fast fibers will adapt and become similar slow fibers and function more like them. During strength/resistance training, muscle bulk and strength is increased through increase in number and size of the myofibrils mainly within the fast fibers. In addition, when a muscle is held in a shortened length over a period of time the number of sarcomeres reduces, whereas if its held in a lengthened position the number increases. This is an adaptation to the length of a muscle that helps from a functional perspective (MNM). Muscle growth and repair Muscle performance is influenced by turnover of contractile proteins. Production of new myofibrils and degradation of existing proteins is a delicate balance, which depending on the condition, can promote muscle growth or loss (signaling atrophy and hypertrophy). The processes of protein synthesis and degradation are controlled by pathways that are affected by factors such as physical activity, mechanical loading, supply of nutrients and growth factors (signaling atrophy and hypertrophy. Muscle growth Protein turnover and cell turnover are the two processes that play a large role in the growth of skeletal muscle mass. In an embryo, cell turnover is the process which plays the predominant role in muscle growth and development. During postnatal growth, the satellite cells (stem cells) are included into the growing fibers and at the same time protein synthesis increases (atrophy hypertrophy sherwood). These satellite cells are significant in keeping the quantity of cytoplasm as well as the quantity of nuclei in the cytoplasm stable. In adults, there is significantly less cellular turnover. An increase in muscle growth is done principally through amplified protein synthesis as well as a reduction in protein breakdown (atrophy hypertrophy). GH IGF1 -AKT ++ size fibers contractile proteins into myofibrils ++diameter microtears Muscle repair When a skeletal muscle is injured, it is necessary for specific cellular pathways to be activated in order to repair the injured tissue. Serrano and Munoz-Canoves stated that activation and restriction of these pathways must be temporarily coordinated in a precise sequence as regeneration progresses if muscle integrity and homeostasis are to be restored (Regulation and dysregulation). After a skeletal muscle has been injured, a series of events happens concurrently to repair the muscle, these are initiated by the release of growth factors and cytokines from the damaged blood vessels and the penetrating inflammatory cells (Regulation and dysregulation). The initial phase of muscle regeneration is distinguished by necrosis of the injured tissue and the activation of the inflammatory response (cellular and molecular regeneration). The inflammatory cells that are released phagocytose the cell debris that is present following an injury. The encouragement of the survival of various cell types, as well as the migration and proliferation of cells, is the role of the cytokines. Following this, there is a phase of regeneration, where there is the activation of myogenic cells which multiply, differentiate and finally fuse together resulting in the formation of new myofibers, as well as the reconstruction of the functional contractile components (cellular and molecular regeneration).. The satellite cells (stem cells) play a key role in this procedure. The satellite cells make use of the necrotic basement membrane as building blocks to guide the new fibers in forming the same pattern and ensuring that they lie in similar positions. The myoblasts fuse to each other as well as the damaged myofiber and thus form the new myofiber. At the same time as this, matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are at work. MMPs play a regulatory role with concerns to the extra cellular matrix formation, break down and remodeling (Role of MMP). The MMPs break down the necrotic base membrane components, which allows the satellite cells to migrate and differentiate in the area. In addition, angiogenesis is required to form a new vascular network within the injured muscle (regulation and dysregulation). The final stage of the muscle repair is when growth and maturation of the new muscle fiber takes place. If any of these stages persist for longer than is necessary, the result may be unsuccessful muscle repair. Unsuccessful muscle repair is characterized by continued myofiber break down, inflammation and fibrosis, ultimately, extreme build up of the extra cellular matrix components (regulation and dysregulation). Elaborate? Muscle atrophy Atrophy was defined by Macro Sandri as a decrease in cell size mainly caused by loss of organelles, cytoplasm and proteins. (signaling in atrophy and dystrophy). If a muscle is immobilsed and not used for a period of time, the amount of actin and myosin within the skeletal muscle decreases, the muscle fibers decrease in size and the muscles mass reduces, along with the muscles strength (Sherwood).

A unique Training Program at UPS

Mark Colvard, a United Parcel Manager in San Ramon, California, recently faced a difficult decision. One of his drivers asked for 2 week off to help an ailing family member.But company rules said this driver wasn’t eligible. If Colvard went by the book, the driver would probably take the days off anyway and be fired. On the other hand, Colvard chose to give the driver the time off. Although he took some heat for the decision, he also kept a valuable employee.Had Colvard been faced with this decision 6 months earlier, he says he would have gone the other way. What changed his thinking was a month he spent living in McAllen, Texas. It was part of a UPS management training experience called the Community Internship Program (CIP). During his month in McAllen, Colvard built housing for the poor, collected clothing for the Salvation Army, and worked in a drug rehab Center.Colvard gives the program credit for helping him empathize with employees facing crises back home. And he says t hat CIP has made him a better manager. â€Å"My goal was to make the numbers, and in some cases that meant not looking at the individual but looking at the bottom line. After that one month stay, I Immediately started reaching out to people in a different way.†CIP was established by UPS in the late 1960s to help open the eyes of the company’s predominantly white managers to the poverty and inequality in many cities. Today, the program takes 50 of the company’s most promising executives each summer and brings them to cities around the country.There they deal with a variety of problems from transportation to housing, education, and health care. The company’s goal is to awaken these managers to the challenges that many of their employees face, bridging the cultural divide that separates a white manager from an African American driver or an upper-income suburbanite from a worker raised in the rural South.1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Do you think individuals can lea rn empathy from something like a 1-month CIP experience? Explain why or why not.2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How could UPS’s CIP help the organization better manage work life conflicts?3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How could UPS’s CIP help the Organization improve its response to diversity?4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What negatives, if any can you envision resulting from CIP?5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   UPS has 2,400 managers. CIP includes only 50 each year. How can the program make a difference if it include only 2 percent of all managers? Does this suggest that the program is more public relations than management training?6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How can UPS justify the cost of a program like CIP if competitors like FedEx, DHL, and the U.S. Postal Service don’t offer such programs? Does the program increase costs or reduce UPS profits?   

Central Motif for Saving Face Essay

Saving Face is a romantic comedy that unveils the truth about how the character’s identity can cause personal and cultural conflicts. Wil, the protagonist, and Ma had been keeping secrets from their family making it hard for them to connect with others and come to terms with themselves. Motifs were seen throughout the whole movie expressing thoughts and feelings. For example, face, time and tight camera angles were the motifs in this movie. Throughout those motifs, face was the central motif.Face was the central motif in Saving Face because it was the only reoccurring pattern that would show an individual’s identity. However, the tight camera angles in the movie made it captive for anyone to embrace their identity. The tight camera angles were able to show pain and scorn one was facing as they started to peal their identity away. One saw how hard it could be in being upfront and honest to themselves to others. When Ma had to explain to her father that she was pregnant w ith no husband, the movie captured Ma boxed in.In this shot, Ma was in a room, sitting down closed in by the narrow hallway leading to where she was sitting. Her father was in the same room as her not seen, but only heard. This shows how the outside influences make it difficult to accept one’s state and affects making connections with others. Ma now felt she had to marry someone, even if she wasn’t interested in him. Wil witnessed her mother being scolded by her grandfather, making it more difficult and complicated for Wil to tell her family she was lesbian and going out with Vivian.Throughout Saving Face, the motif time represents how time rushes and prevents the characters from making decisions they need to make for their identity. Saving Face represents time as both linear and circular because time continues to progresses in life but there is a repetition of the characters’ being themselves. Time ages for both Ma and Wil to the point that they are running out of time to change their lives that they continue to live repeatedly every day. The montage in the film shows that Ma is wasting her time with men she isn’t interested in.She goes on dates with an old friend when she’s actually interested in someone else. Time prevents Wil from making her decision because while she was sitting down with Vivian having a serious talk about where their relationship was going, the screenplay showed from sunset to twilight. This shows that expectations were being lost and time was passing by. The central motif of Saving Face is â€Å"face† because it represents the characters’ identity. Saving Face is an expression to keep definition. Face is a motif because face is used repeatedly, especially in close-ups to captivate the person’s identity.In the opening shot, there is a close- up on Wil’s face which she is seen wearing beauty masks to hide her true identity. The beauty mask prevents Wil from expressing her true identity because the face mask shows that Wil is living a life with a false identity. Wil has not accepted herself for her orientation and continues to masks herself because she does not have the courage to take it off. There are also close-ups on Ma’s face which explains how she is hiding her identity by living a life that her father requests her to live by.The close-ups on the faces show entrapment of the characters’ because they are not accepting their identity and live by their family’s request. In conclusion, the central motif of Saving Face is â€Å"face†. The motif face explains how the characters keep an identity that society enforces them to have, not an identity that they would like to be presented by. Even though time and tight camera angles were reoccurring patterns in this movie, it leads to the main point which is face. The characters struggle to come in terms to themselves and struggle to connect with others because of their secrets. Central Motif for Saving Face Essay Saving Face is a romantic comedy that unveils the truth about how the character’s identity can cause personal and cultural conflicts. Wil, the protagonist, and Ma had been keeping secrets from their family making it hard for them to connect with others and come to terms with themselves. Motifs were seen throughout the whole movie expressing thoughts and feelings. For example, face, time and tight camera angles were the motifs in this movie. Throughout those motifs, face was the central motif.Face was the central motif in Saving Face because it was the only reoccurring pattern that would show an individual’s identity. However, the tight camera angles in the movie made it captive for anyone to embrace their identity. The tight camera angles were able to show pain and scorn one was facing as they started to peal their identity away. One saw how hard it could be in being upfront and honest to themselves to others. When Ma had to explain to her father that she was pregnant w ith no husband, the movie captured Ma boxed in.In this shot, Ma was in a room, sitting down closed in by the narrow hallway leading to where she was sitting. Her father was in the same room as her not seen, but only heard. This shows how the outside influences make it difficult to accept one’s state and affects making connections with others. Ma now felt she had to marry someone, even if she wasn’t interested in him. Wil witnessed her mother being scolded by her grandfather, making it more difficult and complicated for Wil to tell her family she was lesbian and going out with Vivian.Throughout Saving Face, the motif time represents how time rushes and prevents the characters from making decisions they need to make for their identity. Saving Face represents time as both linear and circular because time continues to progresses in life but there is a repetition of the characters’ being themselves. Time ages for both Ma and Wil to the point that they are running out of time to change their lives that they continue to live repeatedly every day. The montage in the film shows that Ma is wasting her time with men she isn’t interested in.She goes on dates with an old friend when she’s actually interested in someone else. Time prevents Wil from making her decision because while she was sitting down with Vivian having a serious talk about where their relationship was going, the screenplay showed from sunset to twilight. This shows that expectations were being lost and time was passing by. The central motif of Saving Face is â€Å"face† because it represents the characters’ identity. Saving Face is an expression to keep definition. Face is a motif because face is used repeatedly, especially in close-ups to captivate the person’s identity.In the opening shot, there is a close- up on Wil’s face which she is seen wearing beauty masks to hide her true identity. The beauty mask prevents Wil from expressing her true identity because the face mask shows that Wil is living a life with a false identity. Wil has not accepted herself for her orientation and continues to masks herself because she does not have the courage to take it off. There are also close-ups on Ma’s face which explains how she is hiding her identity by living a life that her father requests her to live by.The close-ups on the faces show entrapment of the characters’ because they are not accepting their identity and live by their family’s request. In conclusion, the central motif of Saving Face is â€Å"face†. The motif face explains how the characters keep an identity that society enforces them to have, not an identity that they would like to be presented by. Even though time and tight camera angles were reoccurring patterns in this movie, it leads to the main point which is face. The characters struggle to come in terms to themselves and struggle to connect with others because of their secrets.

Racial Profiling And The Justice System - 994 Words

Growing up, I was taught to treat my neighbor as I would treat myself, but as life unfolded, reality hit, and I realized the world did not operate under the same teachings. I started to see a world that judge people based off their ethnic background, not the content of their character. For year’s people of all colors, nationalities and genders have been targeted due to fitting a certain description. This behavior is referred to as racial profiling and it is killing, wrongfully accusing and creating division amongst the people and justice system. The justice system must redesign the policy and procedures, which relate to racial profiling, because it is not protecting the rights of the people, it is attacking them. Even though racial profiling has built walls between the people and the justice system, at the same time racial profiling has driven away unwanted terrorist’s attacks similar to 9/11. Deroy Murdoch states, during a debate, â€Å"Recognizing that the current threat to passengers and airliners comes almost exclusively from one source, and we all know what it is—young male between 18 and 35 who practice a fundamentalist strain of Islamic faith†¦ had the security personnel at Newark, Dulles, or Boston Logan airports profiled these hijackers, they might have been stopped and nearly 3,000 people, who were killed on 9/11, would be with us here today (U.S. Airports Debate). No one wants to have their loved ones taken away abruptly, like the victims of 9/11. The events thatShow MoreRelatedRacial Profiling And The Justice System1365 Words   |  6 Pagesthere are high expectations of equality and justice. But, this is just how it looks like at a glance in Canada, as for minorities living in Canada and, in particular to black Canadians, these minorities face a different reality in the encounters with police and the justice system in comparison to their white counterparts. 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Just because a particular person from a particular race does something wrong, everyone from that race is being discriminated by so-called other races. Racial profiling is getting

A Postcolonialist Analysis of the Tragedy of Othello

A Postcolonialist Analysis of the Tragedy of Othello Syllabus 1. Introduction Different people have different opinions towards the tragedy of Othello. Personally, I am deeply impressed by the racial bias in this tragedy; therefore I try to analyze it from the view of postcolonialism. As you know, the tragedy of Othello has a close relation with Othello’s blackness identity. In the play, the viperous Iago makes full use of Othello’s special Moor identity, which is different from the dominant society, to enrage Desdemona’s father, Brabantio. Then Iago also finds ways to make Othello himself more and more conscious of his blackness identity which result in his self-humiliation. Consequently, love between Othello and Desdemona is†¦show more content†¦In Shakespeare era Britain has a tight hegemonic control over black people. Black people are treated as inferior grades, without positions in all aspects of the society, and they have been deprived of their freedom and dignity. We can see clearly that Othello lives in the society which is dominated by the white people. He is severely discriminated by most of the people despite of his great contribution to the state. All kinds of bias that occurred to him are really unfair yet unavoidable. Being a Moor, he is naturally regarded as a horrible devil or necromancer. 3) Othello: victim of the colonial society In the period from the late sixteenth through the middle of the seventeenth century, one finds the otherness of the black persona increasingly transformed into a truth. It is true that Othello has strived for many years to squash into the upper-class; however, the fact of being a Moor cannot be erased in any case. Though he falls in the pretty Desdemona, he dares not express his love to her because of his special identity. It is Desdemona, who gives him the hint that he can win her love. His union with Desdemona seems that he has got paid to some extent in this white society. Nevertheless, things will change as the play goes on. It is Iago who most adroitly pushes Othello towards the rediscovery of his black origins. Iago began his revenge plan towards Othello with the distortion of Cassio’s conversation with Desdemona. Involving in Iago’s elaborate

Fourth Amendment Protections And Denials - 1299 Words

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Those who are not participating in illegal activities and have given no reason for their property to be searched are pr otected by this amendment. However, those who have provided law enforcement with a reason to search their property should be presented with a warrant justifying the search and seizure. The next topic that needs to be clarified is what can be classified as an unreasonable search, including both searches with and without a warrant. GPS Surveillance on a suspect’s vehicle is unreasonable without a warrant, but with a warrant it is reasonable. Since warrants have â€Å"to be based on ‘probable cause’†, the suspect being surveilledShow MoreRelatedCJA 484 Criminal Law Foundations Evaluation1424 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Bill of Rights, and the US Constitution lay the floor work of a layer of protection afforded to all United States Citizens. 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Media Censorship in Mexico and Australia -myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theMedia Censorship in Mexico and Australia for Democracy. Answer: Introduction Media censorship is a historical and global phenomenon. The governments of the ancient civilizations started practicing censorship (Billiani 2014) as a justification of the rules and regulations to maintain the law and order in the state. The oldest example of censorship, according to history, is that the famous Greek philosopher, Socrates was forced to drink poison as he defied the state orders to censor his philosophical teachings. As the societies progressed and technological revolution has come, censorship is now applied on the media. This is a phenomenon that opposes the right to democracy and freedom of speech of the citizens to serve any particular objective of the states (Hassan and Sutherland 2016). This essay highlights the comparison between the media censorship of Mexico and Australia. Discussion Media is a very important part of democratic society. It is the face and mouth of people of a nation (Cox 2013). However, it is seen in many countries and many times that the government has imposed censorship on the media to control the citizens by withholding vital information from them. Todays media has two major forms, print and digital. In the modern world, digital media plays a major role in influencing the society. Internet is one of the biggest forms of media. Australia and Mexico are both electoral democracies. However, Mexicans face rigid censorship in media contents than the Australians. According to the reports of Freedom House (2018), Mexico has a score of 39 in internet freedom out of 100, while Australia scores 22. Mexico has the status of partly free while Australia has earned the status of free country in terms of internet censorship. Hence, Australia enjoys more free internet than Mexico. It is also found from the reports of freedom house that Australia has blocked n one of the decisive sections listed by freedom house, while Mexico has blocked two sections, criticism of the authorities and corruption. Although Mexico has laws of freedom of press and speech in the internet, only two states, Tabasco and Veracruz, have imposed new restrictions on using social media (Garcia 2014). To avoid any kind of mass disturbance through social media like, twitter and Facebook, the government of Mexico imposed restrictions on few things. However, after introducing new telecommunication law in 2014, internet penetration in the country has increased, but the threats to the journalists have increased, which is an alarming situation. On the other hand, Australia has not imposed any block or filter on social media usage, but it has been planning to introduce regulations on giving the access to encrypted communication to the government (Clun 2017). This has not been welcome by the people and is seen as censorship. As the world is becoming more and more vulnerable to radicalism, internet censorship is increasing too. Mexico is partly free in this matter, while Australia is a free country. News censorship is a sensitive issue in Mexico but not much in Australia. According to bbc, both the countries have laws to regulate the print and digital news, but Mexico experiences extremism. Reporters Without Borders had ranked Mexico 149 out of 180 countries in the World Press Freedom Index 2016, that indicates that Mexico is one of the most dangerous countries for the journalists (indexoncensorship.org 2018). The country also earned negative reputation for not solving the crimes against the journalists. Although the country has laws for freedom of press and speech, the journalists have faced threats and attacks and sometimes murder as they tried to investigate the criminal activities and corruption (Garcia 2014). On the other hand, the media of Australia does enjoy more freedom in publishing news and reports. According to the Freedom House, the Freedom of the Press score is 22 for Australia in 2017, while Mexicos score is 64 (Freedomhouse.org 2017). This gives the status free t o Australia. People can easily access to any type of news through print or digital media, which also includes social media. The government of Australia ensures that they maintain the laws regarding the right to information of the citizens (McKenzie 2015). People can directly participate in the social matters without any fear and hence the level of censorship is very low. Australia has one of the richest cultures in the world. The practice of arts and entertainment prevails in the society since its inception and till now the country enjoys free participation in these. Although, there have been instances of film censorship in Australia in the past, but those are not much significant (Cox 2013). While Mexico does face censorship in arts and entertainment to some extent more than Australia. Conclusion As per the reports of freedom house, Australia scores 1 out 7 in Freedom in The World index, while Mexico scores 3. The overall level of censorship on all types of media is quite high in Mexico, in comparison to Australia. In all forms of media, Australian government has limited the imposition of censorship and promoted the legal application of freedom of speech. On the other hand, Mexico does not offer a favorable place for the journalists, they have blocked two decisive sections in the internet to maintain law and order and have some censorship in the arts and entertainment. Thus, it can be concluded that, there is some level of censorship in both the countries, but the weightage is much less in Australia. References Billiani, F. ed., 2014.Modes of censorship: National contexts and diverse media. Routledge. Clun, R., 2017.Briz 31 ceases television broadcast, but online future has 'huge potential'. [online] Brisbane Times. Available at: https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/briz-31-ceases-television-broadcast-but-online-future-has-huge-potential-20170308-gutvuy.html [Accessed 6 Mar. 2018]. Cox, S., 2013.Censorship is stifling Australia's artistic freedom of expression. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/australia-culture-blog/2013/jun/14/art-censorship-freedom-expression-australia [Accessed 6 Mar. 2018]. Freedomhouse.org, 2017.Australia. [online] Freedomhouse.org. Available at: https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/australia [Accessed 5 Mar. 2018]. Freedomhouse.org, 2018.Mexico. [online] Freedomhouse.org. Available at: https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/mexico [Accessed 5 Mar. 2018]. Garcia, L., 2014.Political Internet Censorship: a reality in Mexico. [online] Digitalrightslac.net. Available at: https://www.digitalrightslac.net/en/censura-politica-en-internet-una-realidad-en-mexico-con-un-poco-de-ayuda-de-estados-unidos-y-godaddy-com/ [Accessed 5 Mar. 2018]. Hassan, R. and Sutherland, T., 2016.Philosophy of Media: A Short History of Ideas and Innovations from Socrates to Social Media. Taylor Francis. indexoncensorship.org, 2018.Mexico: Freedom of expression hobbled by self-censorship. [online] Index on Censorship. Available at: https://www.indexoncensorship.org/2013/08/mexico-freedom-expression-hobbled-self-censorship/ [Accessed 5 Mar. 2018]. McKenzie, N., 2015.Press Freedom Australia. [online] MEAA. Available at: https://www.meaa.org/campaigns/press-freedom/ [Accessed 5 Mar. 2018].